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Pope Adrian IV ((ラテン語:Adrianus IV); – 1 September 1159), born Nicholas Breakspear, was pope from 4 December 1154 to his death in 1159. Adrian IV is the only Englishman (as of 2015) to have occupied the papal throne. It is believed that he was born in Bedmond in the parish of Abbots Langley in Hertfordshire and received his early education at the Abbey School, St Albans.〔(St Albans Cathedral ) 〕〔Breakspear Farm was demolished for housing redevelopment in the 1960s. It stood at 〕〔("Breakspeare Farm, Bedmond", A Guide to Old Hertfordshire )〕 ==Early life== Nicholas' father was Robert, who later became a monk at St Albans. Nicholas went to Paris and later became a canon regular of the cloister of St Rufus monastery near Arles. He rose to be prior and was then soon unanimously elected abbot. This election has been traditionally dated to 1137,〔(The English Pope by George F. Tull )〕 but evidence from the abbey's chronicles suggests that it happened about 1145.〔(Bolton, Brenda and Anne Duggan, ''Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, p.25 )〕 His reforming zeal as abbot led to the lodging of complaints against him at Rome; but these merely attracted to him the favourable attention of Pope Eugene III, who created him Cardinal Bishop of Albano〔 This cites: * Herzog-Hauck, ''Realencyklopädie'', 3rd ed. (excellent bibliography), and Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon, 2nd ed., under "Hadrian IV." * Oliver J. Thatcher, ''Studies concerning Adrian IV`.'' (The University of Chicago: Decennial Publications, 1st series, vol. iv., Chicago, 1903) * R. Raby, ''Pope Adrian IV.: An Historical Sketch'' (London, 1849) * A. H. Tarleton, ''Life of Nicholas Breakspear'' (London, 1896)〕 in December 1149. From 1152 to 1154 Nicholas was in Scandinavia as papal legate, establishing an independent archepiscopal see for Norway at Trondheim, a place he chose chiefly in honour of St Olaf.〔( Ua Clerigh, Arthur. "Pope Adrian IV." The Catholic Encyclopedia ) Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 13 Jun. 2013〕 This led him to create the Diocese at Hamar, and, according to tradition, to form cathedral schools in Norway's bishopric cities. These schools were to have a lasting effect on education and Catholic spirituality in Norway (even after the Reformation in Norway).〔The protestant Reformation began in Norway during the 1520s, under King Christian III of Denmark. A late example of Nicholas Breakspear's influence is Scandinavia's most creative and forceful Counter-Reformation figure, the Jesuit Laurentius Nicolai Norvegicus (born Laurids Nielsen; c. 1539–1622), who attended Oslo Cathedral School in his youth.〕 (Norway's cathedral schools persisted, although they later lost their formal ties to the church.) Nicholas made arrangements which resulted in the recognition of Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala) as seat of the Swedish metropolitan in 1164 (later moved to Uppsala). As compensation for territory thus withdrawn, the Danish archbishop of Lund was made legate and perpetual vicar and given the title of primate of Denmark and Sweden.〔 Nicholas was accompanied to Scandinavia by another English-born priest, Henry, Bishop of Finland (d. 1156), who would later be venerated by Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans as Saint Henry of Uppsala. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pope Adrian IV」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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